See all countries >
In this report, the Special Rapporteur addresses two linked questions: First, do the rights to privacy and freedom of opinion and expression protect secure online communication, specifically by encryption or anonymity? And second, assuming an affirmative answer, to what extent may governments, consistent with human rights law, impose restrictions on encryption and anonymity? The report seeks to answer these questions, review examples of State practice, and propose recommendations.
The Special Rapporteur also prepared an additional companion document providing additional sources for those interested in additional research that supports the conclusions drawn in the report.
Member States
NGOs and Civil Society Organizations
About Special Procedures
Submitting complaints
About country visits
Overview
Mandate
International standards
Current mandate holder
Annual thematic reports
Country visits
Communications
Comments on legislation and policy
Resources
Gender justice and freedom of expression (2021)
Disinformation and freedom of opinion and expression (2021)
Academic freedom (2020)
Disease pandemics (2020)
Online hate speech (2019)
Surveillance and human rights (2019)
Artificial Intelligence technologies and implications for the information environment (2018)
Online content regulation (2018)
Access to information in international organizations (2017)
The role of digital access providers (2017)
Contemporary challenges to freedom of expression (2016)
Freedom of expression, states and the private sector in the digital age (2016)
The protection of sources and whistleblowers (2015)
The use of encryption and anonymity to exercise the rights to freedom of opinion and expression in the digital age (2015)
Ms. Irene Khan Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression OHCHR-UNOG 8-14 Avenue de la Paix 1211 Geneve 10, Switzerland Fax: +41 22 917 9006 Email: OHCHR-freedex@un.org
UNESCO and freedom of expression
OSCE The Representative on the Freedom of the media
Organization of American States (OAS). The Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression
Council of Europe, Protecting media freedoms
Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
